Fundamentals Of The Universe

Mysteries of the Universe revealed in layman's language. All these posts are brainchild of my deep analysis, observation and study of The Universe, Particle Physics and Astrophysics.

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Friday, August 21, 2015

Bosons - The Force Carriers

Friday, August 21, 2015 Posted by Arun Vishwakarma , , , , , , No comments

There are two types of particles in nature, one is Fermions and the other is Bosons. In quantum mechanics, a Boson is a particle that follows Bose–Einstein Statistics. It was named after the Indian Physicist Satyendra Nath Bose who worked with Albert Einstein in developing Bose–Einstein Statistics—which theorizes the characteristics of Elementary particles.

In the Standard Model there are five Bosons which are elementary :
The four Gauge Bosons - photons (p); gluons (g); W, Z
The only Scalar Boson - Higgs Boson (H)
Additionally, Graviton (G) of Quantum Gravity is a hypothetical elementary particle yet to discover.

Some examples of Bosons include fundamental particles such as photons, gluons, and W and Z bosons
(the four force-carrying gauge bosons of the Standard Model), the Higgs Boson, composite particles [e.g. mesons and stable nuclei of even mass number such as Deuterium (with one proton and one neutron; mass number = 2), Helium-4, or Lead-208; and some Quasiparticles (e.g. Cooper pairs, plasmons, and phonons)].

Bosons are the force carrier particles and functions as 'glue' holding matters together. Bosons have a very intersting property that unlike Fermions it has no restrictions for the number of particles that can take up the same quantum state. And this characteristic property of Bosons opened the gate for the introduction of a completely new state of matter - Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). As a consequence of the Spin–Statistics theorem when a gas of Bose particles [particles with integer spin (s = 0, 1, 2 etc.)] is cooled down to absolute zero then the kinetic energy of the particles decreases to a negligible amount and they condense into a lowest energy level state. This state is called Bose-Einstein Condensation, fifth state of matter.




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This site belongs to Arun Vishwakarma and is the result of his own observations and analysis. This site doesn't uses any copyright material and if so then the acknowledgements were given as and when necessary. All the names and the core theories that are mentioned in any of the post is taken from different sources viz. Wikipedia, Google, etc. and except that the rest of the hypothesis and proposed theories are my own. All the concepts that are given in the posts are the brainchild of Arun and it is in no way criticize or prove other theories wrong rather it tries to define them using new concepts and provides new ideas to rethink them.